The Best Time Management Tips for Busy Professionals

The Best Time Management Tips for Busy Professionals Maintaining a business is no simple accomplishment! As a business visionary, you have to deal with exceptional remaining task at hand in a unique business condition. Regardless of how much work you have, all you have are only 24 hours to oversee them all! Imagine a scenario in which you neglect to adapt up to the work process inside the specified time?Relax. You don’t need to get disappointed.Maybe you are attempting your best, yet there is consistently opportunity to get better. It’s high time that you ace some time the executives methods to maintain your business easily. In the event that you don’t have a splendid arrangement, you can’t deal with your time effectively.When complex errands appear to be overwhelming, take as much time as necessary. Break broad assignments into sensible parts. Agent errands to the specialists, and complete more things in less time. Regardless of whether you can’t complete everything simultaneously, in any event you c an make the movement consistent. Continue with the errands in such a manner, so the advancement can be estimated periodically.Putting an arrangement set up will assist you with accomplishing today what you’d in any case put off until tomorrow. Return to the arrangement routinely and make acclimations to it when needed.Remember that genuine efficiency isn’t estimated by the measure of time you stay occupied. It’s about how productively you can perform to accomplish the ideal result.Thinking how to deal with your time successfully? We have made your work simpler!The VA group at MyTasker has built up a complete infographic on 17 Time Management Tips for Busy Entrepreneurs. These tips will assist you with reinforcing your business procedures so you remain pressure free.Go through the accompanying infographic and become more acquainted with how to deal with your time adequately!

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example Then again, the gigantic size of the organization is likewise an incredible issue. Most importantly, their wholesalers are not feeling acceptable to work with them. Taking the above articulation in which the company’s quality and shortcoming are demonstrated the absolute initial step the organization ought to embrace is to dispatch a cost-administration procedure. This procedure requires such advances that will bring down its operational expense. As referenced over that they have old assembling plants, indicating that they need mechanical headway. The organization needs to improve their mechanical progression that will bring down their work beds. The work cost in western nations is extremely high. The well known organizations are currently subbing human work with most recent CNC machines. These machines have increasingly operational efficiency and give adaptability. Along these lines, organization needs to improve their innovations and should put new plant rather the bygone one. This mechanical headway will give adequate effect on the cordless item consequently improving the deals of cordless. As the organization doesn't think obviously a bout its piece of the pie and for this they need to create Research and Development office for effective exploration available so as to know the specific data. The organization must embrace the vertical incorporation as their wholesalers are bad to be with them. Then again, the colossal size of the organization is additionally an incredible issue. Also, that is on the grounds that the poor administration or because of the enormous product offering. While to take care of the issue the organization ought to embrace the technique of mass customization. The mass customization will permit the organization to deliver those items that are requested by the clients and quit creating the items that are causing the additional expense. The organization has to realize what item is creating more benefit at long last. The company’s greatest quality is the interest of items and its image. So if the organization dispatches the techniques

Principles of Taxation for Business and Investment Planning free essay sample

In 2014, Connor Inc. (a schedule year C company) declared its aim to build an assembling office in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. So as to persuade the partnership to find the office in Augusta County, the region contributed a six-section of land tract of lacking civil land to Connor Inc. The evaluated estimation of the land at the date of commitment (December 6, 2014) was $475,000. During 2015, Connor Inc. paid $9,300 to a lawyer to do a title search to ensure that the organization had uncontested responsibility for land. The partnership additionally paid $3,850 2015 genuine property charge on the land, $16,400 for a total overview and point by point site guide of the six sections of land, and $7,900 for two water wells bored on the land.In January 2016, the lawyer found that the Estate of Elsa Reynolds asserted title to the six sections of land and was getting ready to document suit in Virginia state court to recapture proprietorship and ownership. The lawyer prompted Connor Inc. We will compose a custom exposition test on Standards of Taxation for Business and Investment Planning or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page that the estate’s guarantee seemed legitimate and would be maintained by the court. Therefore, the enterprise educated Augusta County that it was disavowing all case to the land and would fabricate its new assembling office in Rockingham County. In August 2014, Connor Inc. bought 115 sections of land of land in the Tidewater territory of Virginia at an all out cost of $1,896,000. At date of procurement, the State Planning Commission zoned the land for farming use. Connor wanted to officially demand that the land be rezoned for private turn of events. When the land was rezoned, Connor intended to partition it into half-section of land parcels and construct single-family living arrangements. At the hour of Connor’s buy, the State Planning Commission was emphatically star advancement and routinely endorsed such rezoning demands. Along these lines, at the hour of procurement, Connor Inc. predicted no legitimate obstruction to its improvement plan.Before Connor’s lawyer could record the rezoning demand with the State Planning Commission, the Virginia Environmental Protection Agency gave new guidelines extending the meaning of ensured wetlands. As per Virginia law, secured wetlands may not be created for private or business use under any conditions. Lamentably for Connor Inc., the 115 sections of land in the Tidewater unmistakably fell inside the meaning of secured wetlands under the new guidelines. After a few discussions with individuals from the VEPA, Connor’s lawyer presumed that Connor Inc. had no reason for mentioning an exemption to the non-advancement rule. For 2016 neighborhood land charge purposes, the 115 sections of land of wetlands have an evaluated estimation of $50,000. Connor needs to sell the land yet can't locate an intrigued purchaser. Connor is currently allowing the Virginia Audubon Society and the Boys Scouts of America to utilize the property for nothing to lead fowl and untamed life watching trips for their members.RequiredIdentify the expense issues proposed by these realities and detail your examination questions in like manner. After each question, show the IRC source, guidelines and any legal disputes which may assist you with responding to the inquiries.

Field of Dreams - The Innocence in History :: Field of Dreams Essays

Field of Dreams - The Innocence in History [1] Baseball is America’s most loved hobby. At the point when individuals hear America, they consider crusty fruit-filled treat, fundamentals, July fourth, and definitely the everlasting affection for this nation, baseball. The credit is given to a man named Alexander J. Cartwright, who drew up a lot of rules for a game played with a bat, a round ball, and a glove. Alongside the standards came an outlining of a precious stone molded field on which the game was to be played. The standards that Cartwright reviewed in 1845 may have all around changed fairly, however the sport of baseball has remained amazingly steady since forever into today. [2] Cartwright was a piece of a baseball club group called the â€Å"New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club,† and his standards were for utilization of just this club. Before long, different clubs began to get intrigued by these standards, and they embraced them into their own ball clubs and games. â€Å"It is obvious that different groups were playing a decent brand of ball, for in the principal ball game on record, played in Elysian Fields, Hoboken, N.J., on June 19, 1846, a group called the New Yorks, playing under Cartwright’s controls on a precious stone of his determinations, vanquished the Knickerbockers 23 to 1 out of four innings† (Lieb1). [3] Baseball at that point extended itself and proceeded onward to coordinating youngsters of â€Å"means and social positions.† In the 1850’s, baseball had a gigantic force that drew in numerous individuals from the East Coast some portion of the nation. It got craftsmans, tradesmen, and shipwrights to shape groups and play against one another. These groups of working men played against different groups that were comprised of socialites. Inside these club groups, however, there was a great deal of contradiction on the grounds that the individuals who used to participate in these games were for the most part from the New York and Massachusetts territories. There were numerous errors between the New York rules and the Massachusetts rules. This at that point prompted the establishing of the National Association of Baseball Players on March 10, 1858. [4] The new principles that the National Association of Baseball Players had introduced then permitted the beginners and others to play the game also.

Syphillis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Syphillis - Research Paper Example Syphilis is a bacterial contamination that is principally spread through sexual contact, however can likewise be transmitted from mother to embryo while in the belly or during birth coming about to inborn syphilis. It for the most part begins as an effortless sore that can be found on the genital region, rectum, or the mouth. Without treatment, syphilis can result to irreversible harm to the cerebrum, nerves or body tissues. This malady has commonly been known as â€Å"the extraordinary imitator† on the grounds that its numerous signs and side effects are indistinguishable from those of different infections. Sir William Osler expressed that â€Å"The doctor who realizes syphilis knows medicine.† (Rudkin and Blasko, 2011) The causative operator for syphilis is a life form known as Treponema pallidum. This is a gram-negative spirochete and is a parasite. It ranges from 6-20 um, while its breadth ranges from 18-20 um. It is a microaerophilic specialist and requires low con vergences of oxygen. This bacterium is corkscrew molded and has no creature or natural repositories. This life form is generally gained and spread by close sexual contact, entering the host through openings in squamous or columnar epithelium. It accesses the blood and lymph frameworks through bodily fluid layers. (Dandelin, 2009) Treponema pallidum has four known subspecies which cause various sicknesses. The first is Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis. The subsequent one is Treponema endemicum, which causes endemic syphilis. The third is Treponema pallidum carateum, which has been known to cause pinta, which is a human skin infection endemic normally found in Mexico, Central America and South America. The last sub specie is Treponema palidum pertenue which causes yaws. Yaws is a drawn out contamination that for the most part influences the skin, bones and joints. (Doran and Nowadly, 2010) Humans are the main known supply for T. pallidum. The gateway of passage into the host is bodily fluid films. It is transmitted quite often through sexual contact with a contaminated accomplice. After the spirochetes pass the hindrance, they are helped through the circulation system to each organ of the body. Around three to about a month after the microorganisms has gotten access into the new host, an injury will shape at the purpose of contact, which is known as a chancre. It normally presents as a firm, effortless, skin ulceration with a measurement of 0.3-3 cm in size. This injury will won't leave for around five weeks at that point in the long run will mend immediately. This is known as the essential stage. (Earthy colored, 2011) About a month and a half later, a limited cutaneous ejection may show up. This is the auxiliary stage, and there might be various indications. The primary attributes of this stage are skin rash and bodily fluid film sores. There might be different side effects, for example, fever, sore throat, and weight reduction, sentiments of body dis quietude, male pattern baldness and even migraine. At this stage, the disease spreads to the remainder of the body. The rash may spread to the feet, the back, or the hands. Once in a while, the rashes that happen with syphilis are little to the point that they can go unnoticed. One of the risks of this sickness is that the signs and side effects will resolve with or without treatment, which may lead one to imagine that the issue is gone; yet without treatment, the contamination will advance to the inert and potentially late phases of infection. (Dandelin,

Biological Theories of Panic Disorder

Biological Theories of Panic Disorder July 15, 2019 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions Currently, the exact cause of panic disorder remains unknown. However, there are several theories that take different factors into account when examining the potential causes of panic disorder. Read ahead to learn more about the biological theory of panic disorder.   The Biological Theory of Panic Disorder Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are chemicals that act as neurotransmitters or messengers in the brain. They send messages between different areas of the brain and are thought to influence one’s mood and anxiety level. One theory of panic disorder is that symptoms are caused by an imbalance of one or more of these chemicals.   Known as the biological theory of panic disorder, this theory examines the biological factors as the cause of mental health concerns.  Support for this theory is the reduction of panic symptoms many patients experience when antidepressants, which alter brain chemicals, are introduced. Antidepressants for Panic Disorder Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (such as Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline)) work by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain.Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (such as Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine)) work on both serotonin and norepinephrine.Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (such as Anafranil (clomipramine) and Elavil (amitriptyline)) affect serotonin, norepinephrine, and to a lesser extent, dopamine.Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (such as Nardil, Parnate) also inhibit panic by altering brain chemicals. Additional Support for the Biological Theory   In addition to the response of panic disorder to biochemical changes introduced by antidepressants, there is further evidence that an underlying biochemical change in the brain may lead to panic disorder including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and metabolic theories. Can a Chemical Imbalance Be to Blame for Panic Disorder? Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) It is believed that GABA is a chemical in the brain that modulates anxiety. GABA counteracts excitement in the brain by inducing relaxation and suppressing anxiety. Research has indicated that GABA may play a role in many mental health issues including anxiety and mood disorders. Anti-anxiety medications (benzodiazepines) such as Xanax (alprazolam), Ativan (lorazepam), or Klonopin (clonazepam), work because they target GABA receptors in the brain. These medications enhance the function of GABA resulting in a calm and relaxed state. In several studies, GABA levels in individuals with panic disorder were lower than in control subjects with no history of panic. Future research to yield a better understanding of the role of GABA in mental health disturbances will likely lead to improved medication options for sufferers. Metabolic Theories and Panic Disorder Metabolic studies focus on how the human body processes particular substances. Many of these studies have shown that people with panic disorder are more sensitive to certain substances than they are to their non-panic counterparts. Such observations further support  the biological theory, demonstrating how those with panic disorder may have a different makeup than those without this condition. For example, panic attacks can be triggered in people with panic disorder by giving them injections of lactic acid, a substance naturally produced by the body during muscular activity. Other studies have shown breathing air with elevated carbon dioxide can trigger panic attacks in those with the disorder. Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol have also been implicated as triggers for those with panic disorder. Myths About Panic Disorder What Does This All Mean? Despite the implications of the research to date, no definitive laboratory findings can assist in the diagnosis  of panic disorder. Chemical messengers in the brain and metabolic processes are complex and interactive. It may be that each of these theories has specific importance in the development of panic disorder. Future research is needed to further delineate and tie together the biological causes of panic disorder. Many experts currently agree that panic disorder is caused by a combination of factors. Research has also supported theories that take several factors into account such as the persons genetic and environmental influences. Researchers continue to look for the causes of mental health conditions, like panic disorder, as this can help in diagnosis and determining the best treatment options.   While learning how biochemical processes may lead to panic disorder isnt terribly helpful in making the diagnosis of panic disorder, this knowledge may be especially helpful for those who are reluctant to take medication to improve their symptoms. This is true for many other mental health conditions as well. There has been a stigma about mental illness, with attitudes still circulating that a person should be able to overcome a condition such as panic disorder on their own. Looking at what we are learning about the biochemical and metabolic theories of panic disorder, this thought pattern is akin to saying that someone should get over their appendicitis by having a positive attitude alone. How to Move Past the Stigma of Having Panic Disorder

How do you write a 500-word essay about poverty

How do you write a 500-word essay about poverty? Many students may know what it’s like to be broke, but fortunately, few may have personally experienced the devastating effects of poverty. Since you only have a couple of pages to work with, it will be important to get to the point quickly in this essay. Some of the common problems that are attributable to poverty include issues such as malnutrition, diminished health and education, as well as increased crime rates. Each of these problems could easily have several sentences devoted to them and you’ll have 500 words before you know it. If you need some help along the way, though, you can contact an essay writing company with a proven track record of success to provide you with a model essay that can help you develop you own final version. This will also help you become a better writing by learning the process from experienced academic writers.

Rudolf Hess Deputy Führer - 828 Words

What would it take to get you to steal a plane, fly alone over to another country that was at war with your own, parachute out of the plane, and then try to make peace with that country that was your enemy? Well, that is exactly what Rudolf Hess did. So, what happened in his life that caused him act the way he did, and what happened afterward? Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (also spelled Heß) was born on April 26, 1894 in Alexandria, Egypt. His parents, Fritz and Clara Hess, were simple merchants and probably never imagined that their eldest son would later go on to become second in the line of succession to one of the most influential dictators that ever lived, Adolf Hitler. Before all of that, his life was fairly normal. He was just another average person. â€Å"Hess volunteered for the German Army in 1914 at the outbreak of World War One, partly to escape the control of his domineering father who had refused to let him go to a university but instead persuaded him into an unwanted career in the family business† (History Place). He fought with a unit from Bavaria in the Battle of Ypres. After being wounded twice, he changed his careers slightly, not too long after the battle previously mentioned. He transferred from being a regular foot soldier in a Bavarian unit to an airplane pilot in the German air force. After the war, he joined an organization called the Friekorps that hired ex-soldiers to violently put down Communist uprisings in Germany. Then, Hess decided to go to collegeShow MoreRelatedThe Terror Of World War II Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pageseducation to be a very important factor of everyone’s life. b. He went to Bundesrealgymnasium Steyr, Volksschule Lambach, and Bundesrealgymnasium Linz. c. His IQ is said to be 135-140. IV. Career a. Head of the Nazi party of Germany. b. He was the Fuhrer of Germany or â€Å"leader† c. He was a Gefreiter (lance corporal) in WWI V. Accomplishments a. Hitler had some â€Å"good† accomplishments like ending the Great Depression in Germany. b. He achieved his economic miracle by rebuilding the German military forcesRead MoreThe Terror Of Wwii : Adolf Hitler1456 Words   |  6 PagesHitler’s Rise to Power Adolf Hitler is no doubt the most infamous person that ever existed on this planet. He had an impact on the whole world during WWII and had changed every person’s view of war in the 1930s and 1940s. Hitler was the leader (or Fuhrer) of Germany and the head of the Nazi party during the Second World War (www.biography.com). Adolf had hated everyone that did not have the same â€Å"perfect† quality that the â€Å"Aryan race† had, which is basically the â€Å"perfect† race. He had especiallyRead MoreThe Holocaust was a major event that had happened in the World War II but more specifically between1300 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for signing a number of military orders, he also signed the â€Å"Commissar Order† which had instructed German field commanders to shoot captured Communist party officials in russia instead of them being a prisoner. A man named Rudolf Hess which was Hitlers Deputy Fà ¼hrer until he flew to Scotland in 1941 in an attempt to break peace with Great Britain. Had been prisoned since then. After trial, incarcerated at Spandau Prison where he committed suicide in 1987. He was a politician in Nazi GermanyRead MoreThe United Nations7583 Words   |  31 Pages30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of theNazi Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP); National Socialist German Workers Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Fà ¼hrer (leader) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As effective dictator of Nazi Germany, Hitler was at the centre of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust. Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor of the NSDAP, the German

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 884 Words

According Canadian public health agency (2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no longer can fight or resist infections, the condition is at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDS is a dangerous disease that has by now killed more than 20 million people across the world. Basing on the report released by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, no cure for AIDS has been established to date, and currently there is no vaccine against HIV and AIDS infection. This paper therefore discusses the biology of HIV and AIDS, Back ground, modes of infection, clinical consequences, current research, preventive and modes of transmiss ion, and diagnostic procedures specifically in N.America. Background of HIV and AIDS AIDS was initially reported on 5th June, 1981 in United States when CDC (Center for Disease Control) recorded a collection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 5 gay men in Los Angeles. Initially, CDC never had a formal name for the disease, frequently terming it with respect to the diseases that were identified with it, for instance, lymphadenopathy, after which the HIV discoverers named it the virus. They asShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large numberRead M oreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can never fully rid itself of thisRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sharing needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infectionsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1499 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a deadly retrovirus that can progress into AIDS. The progression of HIV has become rapid worldwide over the last few decades. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. The dental hygienist will play an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without

Top 8 Free Online Style Guides in English

Sensible is probably the highest praise that can be given to a style guide. Neither a comprehensive documentation manual (such as the MLA or APA guides) nor a self-improvement book (along the lines of Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style), a publishers style guide should provide practical and consistent advice about matters ranging from abbreviations and preferred spellings to punctuation standards and acceptable terminology. If youre not already committed to one particular code of conventions—such as The Associated Press Stylebook, the journalists bible—consider befriending one of these free online style guides. Each has its eccentricities and limitations, and no two of them agree on every fine point of usage. But theyre all sensible and reasonably consistent.   American Styles National Geographic Style Manual  Online since 1995 and frequently updated by a team of editors, this is an alphabetically arranged guide to preferred National Geographic Society style and usage.​The Tameri Guide for Writers: Generalized Stylebook  Maintained by Susan D. Schnelbach and Christopher Scott Wyatt, the Tameri Stylebook is based on the Associated Press Stylebook, which is the primary style guide for reporters and editors at daily newspapers and many periodicals.​Wikipedia: Manual of Style  This style guide for all Wikipedia articles is intended to help editors write articles with consistent, clear, and precise language, layout, and formatting. British Styles The BBC News Styleguide (pdf) Written by John Allen, a BBC reporter and editor for the past 40 years, this popular manual is not a do and dont list but a guide that invites you to explore some of the complexities of modern English usage.​Economist.com Style Guide  John Grimonds online guide is based on the stylebook followed by journalists at The Economist magazine. The 11th edition of the paperback version of the guide will be published in 2015.​The Guardian and Observer Style Guide  Edited by David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, this is the online version of Guardian Style. The third edition of this witty handbook was published in December 2010.​Telegraph Style Book  Augmented by monthly style notes from associate editor Simon Heffer, this is the official guide to house style for The Daily Telegraph, The Sunday Telegraph, and Telegraph.co.uk. Canadian Styles The Canadian Style  Compiled by the Canadian governments Translation Bureau, Canadian Style includes useful advice for drafting letters, memos, reports, indexes and bibliographies along with concise answers to questions concerning written English in the Canadian context.

The Death Penalty Is Right Or Wrong - 981 Words

Many people question whether the death penalty is right or wrong. Issues regarding the possibility of putting an innocent man to death based on faulty investigative work and a flawed legal system are often explored. References to the concept of lex talionis are made, wondering why rapists are not raped and sadists are not beaten in a legal system that kills killers. A killer takes another s life, liberty, or chance at happiness? Is it wrong to take the same from them? How can taking a life for a life be considered justice? So, is the death penalty genuinely considered justice, or is it blood thirst? Now considering the unpredictability of the American criminal justice system, meaning that laws are constantly being subject to individual judgment or preference by a court or judge rather than a specific law or statue, there is great room for error in both the conviction and execution of the accused. Not to mention that the application of the death penalty is completely random, considering that there is no grand list of crimes to punish with the death penalty. The jury or judge decision must provide an unbiased decision on the matter. In the US, the jury system, in some federal cases, is used to determine whether a defendant must be put on death row or given a less final sentence, such as imprisonment. Juries are made up of members of a community that must be rational and open-minded, not have an opinion on the matter at hand; a quality that many studies of human nature canShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty; Right or Wrong?2185 Words   |  9 PagesThe death penalty has been an issue t hat has continually caused tension in today’s society. The main discussion over this is whether or not the death penalty serves as a valid and justified form of punishment. We have reached the point where if the topic is brought up, extremists on both sides immediately begin to argue the matter. One side says increase in crime rate, the other says failure to discourage crime; one says failure to rehabilitate, the other says it saves lives; one says justice andRead MoreEssay on The Death Penalty: Right or Wrong?1940 Words   |  8 Pagesvarious views regarding the death penalty and its current status in the United States. It can be said that almost all of us are familiar with the saying â€Å"An eye for an eye† and for most people that is how the death penalty is viewed. In most people’s eyes, if a person is convicted without a doubt of murdering someone, it is believed that he/she should pay for that crime with their own life. However, there are some people who believe that enforcing the death penalty makes society look just as guiltyRead More The Death Penalty, Right or Wrong? Essay example2374 Words   |  10 Pages The Death Penalty, Right or Wrong? Fear of death discourages people from committing crimes. If capital punishment were carried out more it would prove to be the crime preventative it was partly intended to be. Most criminals would think twice before committing murder if they knew their own lives were at stake. As it turns out though very few people are executed and so the death penalty is not a satisfactory deterrent. Use of the death penalty as intended by law could actually reduce the numberRead MoreThe Death Penalty: Two Wrongs Dont Make a Right Essay1832 Words   |  8 Pagespunishments since 1978. Trials that can result in the death penalty are 20 times more expensive on tax payers than those that can’t. The death penalty should be abolished world-wide. There are plenty of reasons that the death penalty should be outlawed. Cost, wrongful convictions and executions of innocent people, and the suffering of the accused are the main reasons (EJUSA, n.d.). To begin, most people do not realize that carrying out one death penalty costs roughly 20 times more than keeping that sameRead MoreThe Issue Of Capital Punishment Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesalso known as death penalty is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been implemented by many states and used for barbaric crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity and violent crimes. There are mixed reactions on capital punishment depending on one’s faith. In my view, I am not in favor of capital punishment as I strongly believe that death penalty is unacceptableRead MoreDeath Penalty Inhumane1011 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. The death penalty is a concerning factor around the world, because killing a person goes against basis moral law. As long as the death penalty has been standing so has the argument against itself that the death penalty is sinking down to the level of the criminal. While many people agree with the death penalty, killing people as a punishment is wrong, because it is inhumane, costly, and risky forRead MoreAn Ethical Analysis Of Against Capital Punishment1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe right thing is. Justice Most people that are for Capital Punishment believe that â€Å"Justice is better served† when the offender is put to death (Messerli, 2011). However, deathpenalty.org noted that â€Å"numerous families and loved ones of murder victims support alternatives to the death penalty for many reasons, including: the death penalty process is a traumatizing experience for families†¦Life without parole provides certain punishment without the endless reopening of wounds (Death Penalty).† ThereforeRead MoreDeath Penalty: Killing Is Wrong1044 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty 2 Death Penalty: Killing is Wrong To many of us death is a scary thing. We will all die one day, but when someone else takes another person’s life we think of that as wrong in many ways. Killing is wrong. If you take someone else’s life in the United States of America you go to jail. Of course you must be proven guilty of that murder before being charged. It doesn’t matter where you live in almost every state, city and town if you kill someone you are looked down upon andRead MoreThe Death Penalty and Punishment for Crimes795 Words   |  3 Pagesagain, it helps. Execution and the death penalty have been used in most societies since the beginning of history. Penalties back then included boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, crucification, impalement, crushing, stoning, decapitation, etc. The death penalty was used for reasons today that would go under cruel and unusual punishment. Today in the United States, execution is used mainly for murder, espionage, and treason. In some states in the US, death by firing squad is still used. (â€Å"CriminalRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not The Answer865 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is a widespread controversial issue. The Criminal Justice System is the real assassin; death is not the answer. It is unconstitutional. It isn t moral to execute humans. The death penalty is a cruel punishment; it treats humans as inanimate objects that are to be toyed with. The death penalty should be outlawed. States that allow the death penalty don t have lower crime rates, so obviously people don t care that death could be their punishment. So what problem is this solving

Fast Food Effects on Health Free Essays

Fast Food Effects on Health In today’s age of convenience, fast food needs no introduction. Everyone from a 2-year-old toddler to a 60-year-old grandpa seems to be enjoying it every chance they get. And why not? It’s delicious, it’s filling, is really affordable, and readily available just any time of the day, being only a drive through phone call away. We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food Effects on Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now What more can you ask for when you are living life in the fast lane? Well, plenty – fast food is all good tasting, except that it is not nutritionally balanced and, therefore, unhealthy in the long run if consumed on a regular basis. Fast food is loaded with calories from refined sugar and fats (especially, the artery-clogging saturated and hydrogenated fats, which are repeatedly reheated to high temperatures for frying purposes). It is also very high in sodium, coming from common salt and other additives. On top of all this, fast food is deficient in dietary fiber and essential micro-nutrients like vitamins and minerals. To make matters worse, heaps of fast food are normally guzzled down with gallons of sugar-rich colas – which many fast-food restaurants serve free with food as an incentive. To make a long story short, all this results in piling up of unused empty calories in the body, which get stored as body fat – till one day you look in the mirror and realize that your great figure has been replaced by this creature in the mirror. But that’s not the end of the story, it’s just the beginning – consuming too much fast food not only turns a handsome guy into an unsightly obese man, but as Eric Schlosser points out in his book Please enable JavaScript to view this page content properly. it is a big health hazard too. And being physically inactive only adds to the problem of obesity. Not many people who love fast food are ready to acknowledge that obesity is not simply an eyesore – it is a major risk factor for a large number of deadly diseases like hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease, and even many types of cancers. Recent scientific studies have shown that high-calorie foods rich in fats, refined sugar and salt could reconfigure the hormones in the body in such a way that they make you crave for such foods and always leave you asking for more. In other words, fast food is kind of addictive; you get hooked on to it and continue consuming it in an uncontrolled way in spite of knowing that it is unhealthy. The more you consume, the more difficult it is for you to opt for healthy foods. The situation is worse in case of children who from a very young age get hooked on fast food. Making them change their food habits from fatty and sweet foods and develop a taste for health-promoting fruits and vegetables is a task easier said than done. Such children would grow up to be obese adults who have never felt the advantages of being a healthy weight. To sum up, consuming fast food on a regular basis leads to many health hazards. But bringing about changes in eating habits is not easy. To start with, a simple change that one could make is to successively reduce the frequency of eating fast food and eat more frequently home-cooked food, with plenty of fresh foods and vegetables. How to cite Fast Food Effects on Health, Essays

Human Resource Management Customized Job Enrichment

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management for Customized Job Enrichment. Answer: Hackman and Oldham claim that if employees feel their jobs are interesting, challenging and important, they will be motivated, and that high motivation will lead to improved work performance, job satisfaction and reduced absenteeism and labour turnover. This assignment has been prepared in order to gain a better insight into the statement given by Hackman and Oldham. We will discuss the present scenario of human resource management in business organisations and how providing challenging and interesting work to the employees can have an effect on their performance, job commitment, organisational commitment, motivation, etc. Human Resource Management Human resource management is an approach that aims at managing the workforce of a company by using various concepts, such as performance management, compensation management, training and development, employee motivation, staff retention, etc. The basic idea behind the concept of human resource management is to improve the work conditions for the employees and optimise their performances as a result of it. The present day business scenario is complex and highly competitive. With the spread of globalization, business organisations are competing on a global scale where operations and technology can be very easily developed. In such a situation, business organisations are largely relying upon their human resources to achieve market competencies and their organisational goals and objectives. Therefore, companies are investing millions of dollars every year in the management of their human resources and to improve the work conditions for them so that they can perform better and can contrib ute their best towards the fulfilment of organisational goals and objectives (Inc.com, 2016). Hackman and Oldham were two behavioural experts who proposed that the job or the tasks provided to the employees themselves were a very important factor that could help the management in keeping the employees motivated and optimise their performances and work conditions. They also proposed the Job Characteristics Theory, also known as JCT, which was based on similar concepts. Let us now discuss some important concepts, such as job enrichment and how such concepts can have an effect on the performance of the employees (Tutor2u.net, 2016). Relation Between Job Characteristics And Employee Performance In the past few years, human resource managers have realized that they can improve the work conditions for the employees by making the job more interesting for them. As a result, human resource managers came up with the concept of job enrichment, which aims at providing challenging and exciting tasks to the employees. Let us now talk about the benefits of providing challenging and exciting tasks to the employees and how it can have an effect on their performance: Learning new skills a number of behaviour experts have suggested that employees are always interested in acquiring new skills and techniques that would help them in building their career in the future. If the management is able to provide the employees with tasks and jobs that are challenging, interesting and can help them in acquisition of new skills and techniques, they can easily motivate them to perform better in their jobs and contribute more towards the achievement of organisational objectives. The employees perceive a lot of benefits from the fact that they will get to learn something new and as a result, they tend to perform better when they are given challenging tasks (Bizcommunity.com, 2016). Reduced boredom Boredom occurs when the employees are given the same tasks and job to perform again and again. It makes their routine and work monotonous and they feel bored by repeating the same things over and over again. Boredom has been found to have a lot of negative impacts on the performance of business organisations. It has been observed that an organisation where the employees are bored of their work, there is no scope of creativity and the performance levels fall drastically. If the human resource management of a company is able to provide the employees with challenging work that tests the skills or performances of the employees, the employees would not feel bored. Once they are used to regular changes in the tasks they have to perform, their job would become more interesting for them and they would perform better as compared to the situation when they are given monotonous work (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). Receive recognition Maslow was one of the pioneers in the subject of human behaviour who suggested the need hierarchy theory. Maslow, in his theory, claimed that the humans are motivated to work harder when they have certain needs which they want to get fulfilled. Maslow organised these needs into five levels and recognition was one of them. Receiving recognition at the workplace is something which is desired by all the employees. All the employees want to be a part of an organisation where they matter. If they are given tasks that can challenge their skills and knowledge, they would perform their best as it would be an opportunity for them to gain recognition (Study.com, 2016). Employee motivation when the senior management of the company trusts the employees with tasks that are important and challenging, the employees perceive it in a very good way. They feel that the management trusts them with important responsibilities. As a result, they become motivated to perform well and they try their best to fulfil the responsibilities that are assigned to them (YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library, 2015). Sense of accomplishments the management has to work really hard when it has to improve the work conditions for the workforce so that they can optimise the performance of the employees. When the company makes efforts to improve the work conditions for the employees, the employees to feel a sense of responsibility towards the organisation and they perform better to play their role. When they perform better they achieve much more than what they could have achieved when the job or tasks provided to them were boring. When they achieve goals and objectives regularly, they develop a sense of accomplishment which motivates them and fulfil their needs. Benefits for the employers the concept of providing challenging jobs and tasks is not just beneficial for the employees but is also very beneficial for the employers. The employers get a good chance of testing the skills and capabilities of the employees. It helps the employers in identifying the star performers and the employees who do not perform well. Consequently, it also becomes easier for the employees to design training and development programs for the employees so that they can acquire the skills that they lack. The employers can also easily appraise the star performers and can consider them when for promotions when higher posts in the organisation become vacant due to unexpected reasons. Reduced absenteeism one of the most important advantage of job enrichment is that it helps the organisations in bringing down absenteeism. Absenteeism is defined as the situation where the employees take too many unnecessary leaves from their work. It has been observed that absenteeism is higher in those organisations that are unable to provide interesting or exciting work to their employees. When the work gets monotonous or boring for the employees, they tend to take more unwanted leaves in order to take a break from their boring routine. On the other hand, if the organisations are able to provide the employees with interesting and challenging work, it would keep them busy and they would show less absenteeism due to the responsibilities that the management will assign to them. Thus, job enrichment can be very helpful in bringing down absenteeism at the workplace. Reduced labour turnover rates labour turnover rate is defined as the rate at which the employees leave an organisation due to various reasons. High turnover rates are always a huge matter of concern for the human resource managements of business organisations as it results in wastage of a lot of resources that were invested in the employees that leave the organisation. Companies which are able to provide challenging jobs to the employees experience lower turnover rates as the employees tend to stick to the companies that can offer the workforce with better future prospects and a chance to grow in their career paths. Thus, providing challenging and exciting work can also help the business organisations in bringing down the labour turnover rates. Conclusion After studying the benefits of providing challenging and exciting tasks to the employees, we can easily conclude that it can help in improving the job conditions for the employees. It not only improves the job conditions for the workforce but also motivates them to perform better and contribute their best towards the achievement of organisational goals and objectives. The employees become more productive, committed towards their jobs and the organisations and they even become motivated. Thus, it can be easily concluded that the claim made by Hackman and Oldham stands to be true for the human resources of the present day world. References Hackman Oldhams Job Characteristics Model | Business | tutor2u. (2016). Tutor2u.net. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/hackman-oldhams-job-characteristics-model Feder, I. (1999). Customized job enrichment and its effect on job performance. [Parkland, Fla.]: Dissertation.com. Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model | Employee motivation theories | YourCoach Gent. (2016). Yourcoach.be. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.yourcoach.be/en/employee-motivation-theories/hackman-oldham-job-characteristics-model.php Hackman, J., Pearce, J., Wolfe, J. (1978). Effects of changes in job characteristics on work attitudes and behaviors: A naturally occurring quasi-experiment. Organizational Behavior And Human Performance, 21(3), 289-304. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(78)90055-7 Hosie, P., Sevastos, P., Cooper, C. (2006). Happy-performing managers. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Human Resource Management. (2016). Inc.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/human-resource-management.html Job Enrichment: Meaning, Characteristics, Advantages and Limitations. (2015). YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/hrm/jobs/job-enrichment-meaning-characteristics-advantages-and-limitations/53318/ McKenna, E. (1994). Business psychology and organisational behaviour. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum. Savall, H. (1981). Work and people (Enrichir le travail humain dans les entreprises et les organisations, engl.). An economic evaluation of job-enrichment. Oxford: Clarendon Pr. Oldham, G., Hackman, J., Pearce, J. (1976). Conditions under which employees respond positively to enriched work. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 61(4), 395-403. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.61.4.395 Reddy, K. (2016). Top 15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Job Enrichment - WiseStep. WiseStep. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://content.wisestep.com/top-advantages-disadvantages-job-enrichment/ The Advantages Disadvantages of Job Enrichment. (2016). Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-job-enrichment-11960.html The importance of a challenging work environment. (2016). Bizcommunity.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/410/423/76259.html The Needs Theory: Motivating Employees with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016). Study.com. Retrieved 10 August 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-needs-theory-motivating-employees-with-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html

International Human Resource Management †Free Sample Solution

Questions: 1) Summarize your thoughts on the problems at hand, alternative solutions and your strategy on how to proceed at the forthcoming meeting. 2) How will your proposal solve the problems you have defined? 3) How can you defend your solution from budgetary concerns? In what way is your approach both a solution to the problems of expatriates at Tex Mark and a good economic investment? 4) Does Erics personal background assist in his assessment of the problems he faces? 5) Would you have approached this situation differently? If so, what benefits would your different approach provide for Tex Mark? Answers: 1: Summary of thoughts on the problem The emergence of new distribution centers for Tex-Mark in various countries posed a challenge of management and general staffing. Eric Christopher who is the Associate director of human resource development at the company is faced with a challenge of arriving at the office to hold several meetings that he was scheduled to hold. In the meeting that was to be held between Eric and his director visiting Memphis, there was a challenge on how the human resource training and development could be evaluated. Eric as director faces the problem of making sure that Fred who is one of the brightest and famous engineers of Tex-Mark stays in the company despite the bitter exchanges he had with him. Therefore, there is a general problem of forging a good relationship between the major employees of Tex-Mark and the associate director of human resource manager. In Tex-mark also, there is a problem of company's expatriate employees not relating well with the local counterparts in countries where they operate. Part of this problem is because the firm does not have a well put down policy on how expatriates and local employees should relate (Ahlstrom Bruton, 2010). Such a problem of the relationship between local counterpart employees and the expatriates can alternatively be resolved through designing of a well thought out plan on how the two groups of employees should relate (Stahl et al. 2012). In preparation for the upcoming meeting, the Human Resource Director should review and gather information about the candidates in the foreign countries who are performing better and have developed to become brightest regarding task completion (Li, 2016). This is important because it is necessary for the director to recognize the strengths of various individuals within the company who can be a very useful resource. By realizing strengths of different expatriate employees, the human resource director will be able to review the human resource development plan and strategies objectively during the meeting. Since international assignments are some of the major risks for any company, as a director you will have to review some of the strategies used by other businesses that have succeeded in implementing their global assignments as a means of preparing for the upcoming meeting (Ahlstrom et al. 2010). Before the meeting, the director can approach some talent professionals and pitch to them the expatriation program he has and seeks their views on the same (McNulty Inkson, 2013). 2: how proposals solve the problems Proposal to have a more comprehensive and extensive training program on language and culture for all the expatriate employees will help solve the problem of lack of integration for the company's employees on foreign assignment (McNulty et al. 2013). Proposal to review strategies successfully employed by other companies in their expatriate assignments will help the human resource director to come up with some suggestions on how to improve the existing expatriate strategy (Valentine et al. 2013). Review of other companys expatriate plans also gives the director a hint on how the company should approach foreign assignments because failure to successfully implement international assignments is so costly to any company (Valentine et al. 2013). Proposal to review information on the performance of different expatriates to identify the best performance will help the global HR director to determine the team leaders that the company can rely on to successfully lead teams in their foreign assignments (Valentine et al. 2013). 3: Defending the solution Since the company has already a programme for training expatriates for 12 months, the new proposal to make the programme intensive fits into an already existing programme. Therefore, there is little money needed to enhance the programme. Reviewing information about company expatriates is easier and cheaper because the company keeps records of all employees both locally and in foreign companies. 4: Erics background Erics background is important in analyzing the problems of the organization. This is because from the background information Erick stayed in several countries and thus has heard experience with different cultures and can help in solving the problem of foreign employees. 5: Different approach I would definitely change the manner in which foreign employees are assigned leadership duties for foreign projects. By reviewing information about performance of best employees in foreign assignments, the company will be able get most efficient foreign project leaders. References Ahlstrom, D., Bruton, G. D. (2010). International management: Strategy and culture in the emerging world. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Li, Y. (2016). Expatriate manager's adaption and knowledge acquisition: Personal development in multi-national companies in china. McNulty, Y., Inkson, K. (2013). Managing expatriates: A return on investment approach. New York, NY: Business Expert Press. Stahl, G. K., Bjrkman, I., Morris, S. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of research in international human resource management. Edward Elgar Publishing. Valentine, S., Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2013). Human resource management. Verbeke, A. (2013). International business strategy: Rethinking the foundations of global corporate success.

Right Responsibilities And Real Deal By Butler Essays -

Right Responsibilities And Real Deal By Butler Rights, Responsibility and the Real Deal by Jeremy Butler The Right to Free Speech is Protected Ideas are the backbone of democracy. However we see fit to express those ideas is a right provided in the Constitution of the United States. No matter the format of that expression someone will find them offensive and seek to stop that expression. The Communications Decency Act is just the latest incarnation of small minds raging against the tide. The CDA stomps on the first amendment of the Constitution like a bunch of bikers in hobnailed boots. It must be relentlessly pursued until dead. Everyone participating in the 24 Hours of Democracy is part of the hunting party that will see to that. Thankfully we are not alone, the ACLU, EFF, VTW and others are on our side. And let's not forget our most powerful ally is the Constitution itself. The framers of the Constitution fought a bloody Revolution based on freedom of speech and other rights of a truly free people. They included no qualifications on that free speech. That principle has been upheld with minimal exceptions (no shouting "FIRE" in a crowded theater, please). The CDA is not the first (or last) legislation to attack free speech, and it won't survive in the courts any better than past laws. That is the purpose of the judicial branch of the government, to balance the excesses of the legislative (Congress) and the executive (President) branches. Our forefathers included that in the Constitution too, almost as if they knew that government would be dominated by self serving, arrogant prostitutes who could only be controlled by pitting them against one another. I believe in the U.S. system of government, even while questioning the motives and methods of the participants. Our voices and votes will be heard. It's not a conspiracy, it's just government. It is our Responsibility to Maintain the Net Culture Pornography is a tripwire, out in the fringes of the larger issue of free speech. I'm glad it's there, so we know when the storm troopers are coming (no pun intended), but it is not the reason the First Amendment is there. Open political discourse, such as 24 Hours of Democracy, is the idea the founders were protecting. So long as the general public only hears "We want our porn" they will never hear the real message "We are fighting for your freedom". We cannot forget the General Public; we must gather and nurture their support. The Net has always been about openness, but at the same time it has always been self policing (ask any flamee). It is our responsibility to maintain that environment. While the anything goes rule must be protected, we must provide the tools to allow parents to control the content of what their children access. We must voluntarily adopt some form of rating system that makes it simple. We must not only provide the means, we must aggressively and happily promote them (without whining). To do less is to avoid our responsibility and hand control over to others. This is a political issue, if we don't police ourselves then the public will demand that it be done for them. If it is done by the government, you can be assured we will come full circle to this point again. It is that simple. Providing Content on the Net is the Real Deal. The whole telecommunications bill is about the Net of the Future. The floodgates are open, the carriers can now build their pipes from any place to any place, everybody gets to create content for sale and the media giants are happy. Picture the land rushes into the West, a cannon goes off and everybody charges off to stake their claim. The Net has one key difference, unlimited territory. Right now anybody with the right equipment and the knowledge can be a Net/Web presence with the content of their choice and basically doesn't have to ask ANYBODY. That must be protected from central authority, whether governmental or corporate. That responsibility falls to us, because we are here and we understand what we have. We are the Thomas Paine's of our age with a printing press, a burning desire for freedom and the will to risk it all to print a political pamphlet. We have the tools, the desire is evident in 24 Hours of Democracy, and thanks to a functional democratic system the risks are relatively low (no gallows at least). We must create our own territory and defend

George essays

George essays George Washington is best known as the Father of our Country. He cared for this country much like a parent would care for a child. During his presidency, he solved many noteworthy problems. His achievements led to a democratic, wonderful country we like to call The United States of America. Although hes not thought of as glamorous, George Washington is looked with the utmost respect and awe by all countries of the world. George Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 2. ` Virginia was alarmed when a French expedition from Canada established on the headwaters of the Ohio River. Conflict over this area eventually into the French and Indian War, in which Washington played a major military role that established his reputation as a commander. In the fall of 1758 the French were defeated. In 1759 he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a young widow. Washington matured into a solid member of Virginia society. From 1759 to 1774 he served in the House of Burgesses. By 1774 had become a key supporter of the colonial cause. That same year he was elected to the First Continental Congress. In 1775 the Second Continental Congress elected Washington commander in chief of its army. In July Washington arrived in Massachusetts, where the battles at Lexington and Concord had been fought. The British pulled back most of their troops to in New York City, leaving scattered garrisons of German mercenaries in New ...

Global Interdependence Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global Interdependence - Article Example Davis shows how, the fearfulness of the calamity was accelerated by the callous colonizers that led to the death of thousands of poor men, women and children and livestock. In the article by Odd Arne Westad, hails the USA as an interventionist power whose sole aim and purpose has been territorial expansion. The USA has not been fair in treatment to its own citizens, as we know from the terrible plight of the Black Americans. One of the ideals that worked behind motivating the elites of the United States was liberty, which was accessible to those who had private property and education. Thus, the authors in their respective articles condemn vehemently the destructive force of ruling a supposedly inferior race by a self-proclaimed superior race. Domination is the key theme in all the three writings. All these three writers have criticized domination in terms of rule and interference, thereby weakening a country to the considerable extent and robbing its citizens of their natural wealth and environment. Aime describes colonial invasions as ‘hideous’ and is very justified in calling so since the act of taking over another nation completely destroys it and its people. Only force is the base of the relation between the colonizer and the colonized. Davis’ article only reinstates this theory by citing the example of the infamous famine that crippled India during the British Rule. While India produced enough crops to feed its people, most of it was hoarded and the rest exported to different parts of the world. While millions of people died, the colonizers maintained a policy of non-interference. In the article by Westad is a further reinstatement of the evils of forceful acquisition of others land. Colonizers ge nerally cite the example of the colonized’s ignorance, brutality, superstition etc. as was written by Jefferson to Lafayette in 1813.  

The Culture of Gift and Bribe in Business Research Paper - 1

The Culture of Gift and Bribe in Business - Research Paper Example There has been increasing calls for managers to ensure that they keep to the code of ethics in their work. As the leader of the organizations, managers are given special duty of looking at the needs of the organization in the sense that they have to take care of all the activities of the organization. Therefore they are expected to lead by example and show others where they are supposed to take the organization. The duties of a manager have been increasing in the recent past to include the factor of ensuring that there is fairness in business practice. One of the most recent ethical controversies that have engulfed the business world has been the issue of culture giving of gift and bribes. It has been shown that the culture of giving bribes and gifts has become one of the most commonly practiced business practice. The debate on whether gifts and bribes in business are justified or not is been centered on several issues. This has been dictated by the cultural practices of different communities in the world. Let us look closely at the concept of giving of bribes and gifts in business. (Iniobong 2007, p. 4) In the operation of the business, a manager is likely to come into contact with many people. These people are of diverse cultural practice and have different values that are attached to the cultural practices. This has become a dilemma in the modern market which has been dictated by the increasing rate of globalization which has been marked by the increased movement of people and increased interaction as well. The culture of gifts and bribes is taken differently according to a different society. For example, the culture of giving gifts is very common in China and from time to time people will give different gifts in different occasion. This is also extended to the business world and is not limited to the social life of the people. Reeling from a socialist economy, Chinese have not been fully embraced by the capitalist world and there is still a sense of community or togetherness that usually characterizes these regimes. On the other hand the culture of giving gifts in America is very rare. In the western world gift are only given in special occasion. Therefore they are limited to the social life of the people and in the business world they are only limited to the end year party and usually meant to raise the morale of the employees. Therefore when the Chinese businesses come to America, they come with their gift-giving culture. On the other hand when the American business goes to China they take with them limited gift-giving culture. This has been a source of conflict for a long time now for businesses operating under the above mentioned condition. (Scott 2005, p.2) But in the business world it is the intention of giving that gift that matter. Though you may give someone a gift with good intention they may receive the gift with another intention rather than that one that you meant. Therefore there has been a notion that these gifts are meant to bribe the one receiving them in order to grant some favor. In the business context, this has become a major issue that has brought about a ranging debate. It has been seen that there has been increased gift giving especially between the public official who is in power and the business manager who seek to have favor in the business process.  

Contribution of Women to the Economy in the Middle Ages

Contribution of Women to the Economy in the Middle Ages Introduction This dissertation will focus on the contribution of women to the economy in the Middle Ages. It will explore how and to what extent women contributed to the economy of Medieval England, asking the question of ‘Is the role of women in the medieval economy undervalued by history?. As part of this it will explore to what extent women are adequately reflected in the contemporary sources, and if they are not adequately reflected, aim to explain the reasons for this. It is also interesting to see if the contributions made by women vary depending on their social status and whether they reside in the urban or the rural environment. It is important to explore and aim to discover whether the contribution women made to the economy changed over time, whether it is to an increased contribution or a decreased one due to certain events or social changes. Clearly the role of men in society in the middle ages will be of great significance due to their large influence on the lives of women. In order to fully understand and appreciate the contribution which women made to the economy in the Middle Ages it is important to look at how they worked alone, but also how women were recognised and treated alongside men, especially those who were engaged in a similar occupation. The role of women alongside their husband is also of great importance. Historians such as Christopher Brooke have often argued that women cannot be studied without also studying the men of the period. It is also advantageous to compare a womans work in the town to the work which women in the countryside were engaged in. Perhaps an aspect within this which could be explored is whether or not the work which women participated in changed over time, particularly after the Black Death. To look at all of the above, individual places will be looked at, for example the city of London and the town of Wakefield, but also individual people, especially those who appear in the court rolls on numerous occasions. It is d ifficult however to look at working class women in much detail as their lives were not as well documented as a woman of a higher social class and status. Also, the majority of sources used have been written by and for men. Typically, when looking at the middle ages, the work of women can be overlooked as it is often assumed that they simply worked in the home. Although this is not strictly true, it is important to look at the work which women undertook in the home and whether or not and to what extent this work impacted on any other work which they might have been undertaking. It is sometimes difficult to assess the work which women did as very few women in the middle ages were literate, and therefore when they do appear in records it is nearly always from a male perspective, in records written for males. This creates a certain difficulty in truly understanding what women participated in, as it is often assumed that they simply worked in the house and there are no sources which concentrate purely on work undertaken in the household. Along with this, men often appeared in place of women in court rolls. This was often due to the fact that a man would pay the fine for a woman who had done wrong, for examp le brewing outside of the assize given by the manor. However, there are also a large number of instances where women do appear alongside men at court. It is important to recognise here however that women could often be found undertaking jobs inside their homes, for example textile work. This will also be considered. Chapter one of this dissertation will mainly focus on women and the household. It will look in detail at the role which women played in the household. It will explore their role as both a wife and a mother but also their eventual role as a widow. Sources are scarce for this aspect of life in the Middle Ages but ones which do provide a useful insight include court rolls where women asked permission to marry. A main issue here is the amount of sources which are available to utilise for this aspect of a womans life. With few sources available it is understandably difficult to distinguish whether these women recorded in the sources are typical of society or anomalies. Chapter two will look at womens work in the home. As part of this the textile industry will be looked at, as well as the roles of women in domestic service and agricultural activity and markets. Within this there are various primary sources which can be utilised. These include court rolls, coroners rolls and weavers ordinances. There are of course various limitations to each of the sources. Perhaps the main one to consider here is that sources were generally written by males and for males. As well as this there are limited mentions of women in domestic service, although they are not as limited as the sources on women in the home in general. Chapter three evaluates womens work outside of the home. It looks at the occupation of brewing and uses sources such as coroners rolls and court rolls to look at the extent to which women could be found in this profession. It also explores prostitution as a lesser thought of economic contribution. Together it seeks to discover the contribution of women to the medieval economy whilst asking whether or not the women are adequately reflected in the sources, and whether as a result of this, these women have been undervalued by history. Women And The Household It is arguable how much of a womans life was spent in the household looking after the family unit. It is typically thought that a large amount of a womans time was spent in the home and although this is supported to an extent by the majority of sources, there are also a significant number which dispute it. A large number of historians, such as Christopher Dyer, Jennifer Ward and Joanne Bennett have looked at the everyday lives of women and various conclusions have been drawn from their studies. It is important to look at the conclusions of both historians who argue that women spent the majority of their time in the home, and those who argue that women, like men, were able to hold an occupation, as well as working for the family. As well as this, some historians have argued that there was a difference in the way in which women contributed to the household depending on their social class. All of these factors are important when looking at the work women did, as any work undertaken in t heir household would have had an impact on the amount of paid work which they were able to undertake. It is worth noting that if a woman did not undertake paid work and worked only in the household, it is not likely to have been recorded and so makes it difficult to find information on these women. The role of a woman as both a wife and mother in the household is an important one. Women were initially regarded as the property of men and this is reflected by a large number of women asking for permission to marry at the manor courts. An example of this is the court roll of 27 February 1360 from the manor of Walsham le Willows where Agnes Jay ‘pays 4s fine for leave to marry Robert Lene. Being married meant that a woman had a greater right to security and property than she would have had as a single woman as she sometimes gained joint tenancy with her husband. This joint tenancy over their house and belongings can be seen in court rolls, for example in the court of 16 August 1369. At this court ‘William de Preston†¦and Alice his wife†¦sold to William Kent†¦certain utensils in a house which he held from them. The fact that Alice and William together agreed to sell items in a house which they jointly owned shows that Alice had rights to property, which she may not have had if she were single. However, these rights changed once more when a woman was widowed. Every woman who had been married to a freeman of the city became a freewoman of the city on his death. Whilst this is a good thing for women, it carried the condition that she only retained this status as long as she stayed single. Whilst living with their husband women were expected to learn about his work in order for them to cover whilst their husband was away but also so that they could continue his business on his death. There are numerous cases in sources of women taking over the business of their husbands and in some instances continuing to train any apprentices their husband may have had. This can be used to show that women were not as restricted as they are often assumed to be. Widows seem to appear much more frequently in sources than married or single women. This is most likely to be due to the fact that they do no have a male to answer for them or to represent them. Males are frequently seen in documents and it is often argued that they took fines on behalf of their wives. This is mainly because a man was commonly seen as in charge of his wife and the family and therefore he was held responsible for anything which they did. Also, widows are commonly seen in court rolls seeking money or property owed to them, something which their husband would previously have done. This can be illustrated with the case of Alice de Perers of the city of London who sued Richard de Kent for 200 marks which she had lent him and not been returned. We can assume that Alice was a widow as she was representing herself in the court and was not presented as a ‘wife of someone else. However, whilst it is commonly thought that men were in control of their household, there are some who argue that they were in fact not in control at all. Historians such as Ward argue that the household was a place which women ruled. She argues that the running of the household and the care of the family within it took up a large amount of a womans time and that as well as this a woman should also be able to help her husband with his job. Historians such as Dyer however, argue that while a woman in the aristocracy would have been the effective head of household, the household itself was predominantly masculine. This can be illustrated by the amount of males employed within the upper class household, for example servants and officers. In comparison there were relatively few female employees. Dyer observes that a peasant woman was expected to manage her household, but that she could also choose to have her own employment as long as it was secondary to any household chores she was expe cted to complete. It can be construed that though men were perceived to be the head of the household it was in fact the women who were responsible for everything within it. It is important to realise that being a wife and a mother was often just part of the work which women were expected to undertake. In some cases they were also able to hold their own employment, as well as helping their husbands with their businesses. Therefore we can see that women could hold jobs both inside and outside of the home, both of which are important when looking at the contribution of women to the economy and whether or not their role has been undervalued by history. Work In The Home i. Textiles J. Ward has argued that when women were not engaged in work in the home they were able to hold occupations for which they were paid. She argues that whilst a woman was free to do this, not all did and the majority of those that were employed worked in industries similar to work which they would have been doing in the home. An industry which employed a large number of women was the textile industry. Women were able to spin, weave and embroider from their own home if they chose to, which enabled them to continue with their household duties. Also, the majority of women were unable to be engaged in any occupation significantly different to their duties in the home as they only received a very basic education, as well as having to fully utilise the skills which they had been taught by their mothers. There were of course exceptions to the above and they will be considered in turn. The textile industry was one which is evident in both the town and the countryside, though more predominantly in the countryside and smaller towns after the thirteenth century. Textile work was more notable in homes in the countryside but it was not unusual for a woman to move to the town and take her work with her. This is significant as historians such as Dyer have suggested that it was much harder to come across skilled textile work in the towns unless the woman in question was skilled and had the money required for all the necessary equipment. An interesting point to make here is that whilst men were limited to being able to participate in one industry, women could participate in two or three if she chose. It is therefore not uncommon to find women working as spinners and weavers for example. Ward continues her argument by suggesting that women were engaged in the textile trade purely to provide clothes for her family. This can be supported with Anthony Fitzherberts The Boke of Husbandry. Written in 1523 Fitzherbert outlines basic tasks expected of a wife in her home, but also within her work in and around the home. He outlines in great detail the importance of the textile industry and how a husband should have sheep of his own but ‘let his wife have part of the wool to make her husband and herself some clothes. This illustrates the argument that women were engaged in the textile industry purely to provide clothes for their families. However, other sources provide a different perspective. Women were referred to by their trade in court rolls if they were the head of the household, for example ‘Joan Spinster, ‘Agnes, servant of†¦. For them to be referred to as spinners as opposed to ‘his wife or ‘wife of, it can be assumed that they were engaging in a significantly larger amount of textile work than simply that required for their family. This of course would not have been the case for all women. Whilst textiles remained a main occupation of women until the late eighteenth century, it did have periods of decline within both the thirteenth century and the late mid to late fifteenth century. The decline in the market for textiles is illustrated by Weavers ordinances. Weavers ordinances show a declining market, as well as employment opportunities, as they were designed to go together with local monopolies on particular cloth. In some towns the monopoly stretched as far as to limiting each employer to one apprentice each. In the weavers ordinance of Shrewsbury from 1448 it describes how ‘no woman shall occupy the craft of weaving after the death of her husband except for one quarter of the year. This illustrates a distinct decline in the occupation, but can also be used to show that women were not as free to participate in an occupation as they maybe once seemed. It can also be used to suggest that widows were not as free as maybe once thought. As well as this it supports t he suggestion that women found it hard to move their craft from the countryside to the town unless they had significant amounts of money and they were highly skilled. It is possible that this was a minor cause in the decline in the textiles industry in the thirteenth century when cloth making originally took place for home and for export in larger towns but moved to taking place mainly in the countryside or smaller towns, with a distinct decline in exports. Despite this decline it has been estimated that in towns such as Babergh Hundred in Suffolk up to nineteen percent of the population was still employed within textiles, and this is not including the women who were part time spinners, who would have added a considerable amount to this. This illustrates how women were continuing to engage in textile work throughout the period. As mentioned previously, women were expected to fully understand the business of their husband so that they may take over in his absence or on his death. This is illustrated in the textile industry in the case of the will of John Walton, a weaver from York. He states that he leaves to ‘Margaret my wife my best woollen loom with those things to pertain it. This shows how women were able to take over the business from their husbands if necessary and therefore displays their capabilities. Wills such as these can also be used to show how women gained from their husbands only if they remained single. Women were able to retain freewoman status if their husband had been a freeman of the city, but only if they stayed single. The will of John Nonhouse, also from York, shows this to an extent. He states that ‘Isabel my wife has the said two looms with all he tools pertaining to them whilst sole. These two wills together show how women had the ability to continue work on their own a fter the death of their husband. They can however also be used to show how society had not fully accepted the majority of women who were working on their own. The absence of women from craft guilds can also be used to show the exclusion of women working on their own. The guild ordinances of York show us how ‘No woman of the said craft shall occupy the said craft after her husbands death longer than a whole year. This again illustrates the limitation of women on their own as opposed to those women who were married. It has often been argued by historians that it was the husband who gave the woman their social status and this supports the argument that single women were limited to crafts they could participate in. These factors together show how women were employed in the textiles industry throughout the Middle Ages. However, they also to an extent show how women were often employed and working as a result of their husband as while they may gain the equipment used in textiles after his death, they very rarely retained their position in the craft guild. This in turn made selling their products more difficult. Also, women participated in a larger amount of textile work than perhaps thought, although the sources to support this are fewer in number and within them it is difficult to find the women of the lower classes. ii. Agricultural Activity And Markets Throughout the Middle Ages farming was an important part of everyday life. The main priority when farming was not to produce for sale but to produce and provide for their own family, selling any excess they may have made. Women in the countryside and small sized towns were expected to help out on the land when they had completed their tasks in the home and the majority can be seen as capable of the agricultural tasks required of them. Farm work however did not produce a large amount of money as the majority of it was undertaken part time and the first objective was to feed the family. It is significant to note the way in which women contributed to agricultural work both before the Black Death and after it. This is due to the fact that the Black Death caused a great amount of changes to take place and this therefore impacted on women and their contribution. In the period before the Black Death it was common for members of peasant households to be called upon by the lord of the manor to carry out some agricultural work for him. Most peasants would carry out this work as they did receive payment for it, albeit a small one, but on some occasions it would not get done. This could be due to extensive amounts of work needing doing on their own land or in some case just choosing not to do it. Those individuals who did not work for the lord as required were called to court and fined. This can be seen in the manor of Walsham le Willows where ‘Christina Lene and Isabelle Spileman each amerced 3d. because they were summoned to winnow the lords corn†¦and did not come. This is significant as both of these being fined were women. Again it is possible to suggest that these women are either widows or are acting as head of their household while their husband is away. In either case it is a possibility that they did not winnow the lords corn a s they had too much work to complete in their own households or on their own land. A source which is of great importance when it comes to agricultural work is Walter of Henleys The Husbandry. Walter of Henley was an agricultural writer who wrote more than thirty sources on how to carry out agricultural procedures correctly. It also outlined what was expected of each person on the land. However, only ten of these sources give his name as the author and they have therefore caused much discussion amongst historians. The Husbandry was a highly read source. We know this due to the amount of copies of it which had been made, but also because of the amount of copies which have survived until today. Although it is thought that it was written around the 1250s it has caused much discussion amongst historians as to its original date. Despite this it remains a useful source for looking at agriculture in the Middle Ages. One part Walter of Henleys The Husbandry outlines the role of the dairymaid on the land. Women were mainly responsible for the poultry and the dairy of the land and so it can be argued that The Husbandry outlined their role in full as it would have the role of a man on the land. It states how ‘the dairymaid ought to look after all the small stock which are kept on the manor such as†¦geese†¦hens†¦chickens and eggs. It is arguable here that women were responsible for the livestock as the nurturing role required was similar to that they would have deployed in the home. These women who had been responsible for the dairy and poultry on the land were also often responsible for taking it to and selling it at the local market. Women of the manor could often be found selling cheese and poultry amongst other fresh produce. It is because of these trips to the local markets that we can see some of these women in coroners rolls. An example here is of Margaret Derbye of Bury, recorded in the Coroners rolls of Sussex in 1524. Margaret is recorded as ‘hurrying to Petworth market on horse and being thrown off of her horse. In the impact of landing on the groun d she injured her neck and died immediately. This case of a woman dying on her way to market shows how women were directly involved in the selling process. It also illustrates a womans contribution to not only maintaining the land but also making a profit from it. A further source of importance when looking at agriculture is Anthony Fitzherberts The Boke of Husbandry. As mentioned in chapter two, The Boke of Husbandry outlines basic expectations of a wife inside and outside of the home, amongst other things. Fitzherbert outlines how ‘it is a wifes occupation to winnow all kinds of grain, to make maltto make hay†¦ reap corn†¦and to go or ride to the market. This directly supports the point above where women can be seen in coroners rolls due to accidents on trips to local markets to sell their goods. The majority of the time it would be women from the countryside taking their goods into local towns to sell; however there would have been exceptions to this. This illustration of women from rural areas taking produce into the urban areas shows the difference between the rural and the urban. There were occasions where women can be seen to have been acting illegally when it came to markets and the buying and selling of goods. Agnes, wife to William Sandelere of Louth is an example of one of these women. She was called to the peace sessions of 1375 in Lincolnshire for being ‘a common forestaller of both salt and fresh fish at Louth. This can be used to argue that women would do things outside of their legal allowances to ensure that they made an extra income to support their family. Women can be seen in court rolls on numerous occasions both before and after the Black Death. In the manor of Ingoldmells women were often called to court for agricultural issues. One of these occasions is where Alan Polber complained that Agnes, the wife of Thomas Herward had stolen his crops. This illustrates that women were participating in agricultural work on the land, and can also be used to illustrate the notion that women did more agricultural work during the harvest. Another example here is of Beatrice Herward. She brings the issue to court that Alan Polber had beaten her and ‘struck her beasts. In this case Beatrice is found to be making a false claim. This not only shows that she was involved in agricultural work, but can also be used to suggest that she was a widow as she was the one to initiate the claim into the courts. The Black Death was a significant event in the middle ages, particularly for agriculture. From the time it first hit in 1347 until it eventually died out in 1351 the lives of both upper classes and lower classes were affected greatly. Perhaps a rather explicit change was the effect it had on the labour force in England. The Black Death caused more deaths in England than any previous famines had done. This meant that women could demand higher payment for goods and services as they were able to carry out more work, due to a lower number of people in the workforce. Before Black Death there had been a vast amount of people wanting work but this changed dramatically afterwards. Women were quick to fill in gaps in the workforce, carrying out a wide range of jobs. Goldberg refers to these women as a ‘reserve army. These women were able to demand a higher rate of pay than they had done previously due to the lack of labour. It is important to note however that women were the first to lo se out when the demand for labour returned to normal. It can therefore be seen that women were involved to quite a large extent in work on the land and in selling goods at local markets. Contemporary sources such as Walter of Henleys The Husbandry and Anthony Fitzherberts The Boke of Husbandry outline what was expected from a wife in regards to her work on the land. Court rolls help us to understand to an extent what women were doing in order to gain more of an income for her family. When looking at farming it appears that women added a great deal to this, especially during and in the short period after the Black Death. However, it is important not to forget that these women may have been small in number and also that as soon as labour supplies returned to their normal levels women were once again left out. iii. Domestic Service Throughout the Middle Ages a large section of urban society was made up of male and female servants. This number was significantly lower in rural areas due to the lower class status of the majority of the people who lived there. It is arguable that such a large proportion of women were engaged in domestic service because it was something which was almost identical to the work which they would have been doing in the home. Examples of female servants can be seen throughout the Middle Ages, along with the comparison of female servants to male servants. It is important to look at male as well as female servants here as they not only impacted on a womans home life but they also affected which jobs the women were able to be employed in. If there were a significant number of male servants it is arguable that not such a large number of female servants would be required. As well as this there were areas where male servants could be found employed and female servants not, for example elite hou seholds. This will be discussed later. Firstly, it is key to note that references made to female servants are not common. Ward has gone as far as to argue that it was more likely that a large number of women were slaves as opposed to servants. However, women servants can still be found in sources, even if it is to a lesser extent than their male counterparts. Arguably, female servants were less likely to be found in elite households than men. This could perhaps be pinned on the idea that male servants entered elite households to be apprenticed to a particular trade or skill, whereas women rarely entered for apprenticeships. This links back to the idea of women learning their key skills from their mothers in the home. A key point to make here is that women who were employed as servants were not always treated well. Although they were often given food and lodgings in return for their work, they still often received wages lower than male servants did. There were many cases of people being brought to court for mistreating their servants. John Catour of Reading, Berkshire went to court to complain against the way his daughter was being treated in her apprenticeship to Elis Mympe of London. It has been suggested that the apprenticeships of young girls to a trade or to be a servant were often periods of time much longer than necessary. This gives the impression that they may have been exploited as it can be argued that rather than spending all of the years learning the trade, they were in fact simply providing their master with cheap labour. A further example of servants being exploited can be seen when Margaret la Garnystere ‘brought action of trespass against Agnes, widow of Thomas Bagge†¦f or detaining their servant who was lent on March 23 to embroider until 13 April. In both of the above cases the courts reported that the females had been recovered. However, it is likely that a large proportion of these women would have been exploited for a considerable amount of time as the time of their apprenticeship may have been considered normal. It is however important to note that not all female servants would have been treated badly. There are numerous cases where servants were left goods in the wills of their masters. The three women serving Ellen Holgrate by her death in 1403 each received a cow as a thank you for helping her with her illness. This shows that whilst there were women who were being mistreated, there were also those who were valued in their occupation. It is also key to remember that whilst these women were working within a household they were gaining valuable skills which they could take back and utilise in their own homes. This is important when you consider that some servants were young, single women, but some servants were married women who lived apart from their families during service but eventually returned home. Therefore, whilst there were women engaged in domestic service it is difficult to tell exactly how many there were. There is evidence to suggest that women, both single and married, worked in the homes of others in order to gain an extra income for their family. There is also evidence to suggest that these women may have sometimes been mistreated, although this was not always the case and again, there is no suggestion as to how many women would have received poor treatment. All in all women did provide a good service as domestic servants, but it is important to remember that males also provided this service and women were consequently excluded from some aspects of it. Womens Work Outside Of The Home As we have seen previously, women could be found contributing to the economy in various ways from inside their homes. Women could often be found engaging in textile related activities as well as helping their husbands with any land they may have and selling produce at local markets. Women were expected to help their husbands in the running of their business so that they may take over in their absence or on their death. As well as this work women could also be seen participating in further occupations outside of household work and expectations. i. Brewing Brewing was an occupation which women could often be seen in. This was due to the fact that they could run their household as expected, but also take on a new type of work. At one stage women brewed the majority of the ale on sale in England. It is arguable that women were able to participate in brewing as ale was part of the staple diet in the Middle Ages and much of it was needed to sustain the population. Any ale a woman brewed was first provided to her family, and any surplus may have been sold after this. Surplus had to be sold soon after it was brewed as it took only a short period of time for ale to turn sour. It is because of the need for ale for everyday consumption that women who were brewing it were widespread across